Solid-State Oxide
LATP
LATP powder, D50 0.30 um
- Available
- RFQ
- Particle size: D50 0.30 +/- 0.05 um
- Water: <= 500 ppm
- Magnetic impurities: <= 500 ppb
- Ionic conductivity: >= 0.55 mS/cm at 25 degC, pressed pellet
Advanced Battery Materials & Electrolyte Components
Search and request quotes for battery-grade lithium salts, next-generation sodium, potassium and magnesium salts, low-moisture solvents, electrolyte additives, solid-state electrolytes, and custom formulations for advanced battery R&D.
Solid-State ElectrolytesSulfide, oxide, and halide electrolyte materials for particle-size-controlled conductivity screening and solid-state battery research.
Battery Active MaterialsLFP, NMC, NCA, LCO, LMFP, LMO, LNMO, lithium metal foil, graphite, LTO, hard carbon, silicon, and SiOx/Si-C materials.
Next-Generation SaltsSodium, magnesium, potassium, and alternative-cation salts for sodium-ion, magnesium-ion, potassium-ion, and advanced electrolyte systems.
Lithium SaltsLiPF6, LiFSI, LiTFSI, LiBF4, LiBOB, and related lithium salts for electrolyte formulation and interphase engineering.
Battery SolventsLow-moisture carbonate, ether, nitrile, ester, fluorinated, and specialty solvents for electrolyte blending.
Electrolyte AdditivesAdditives for SEI/CEI formation, silicon-anode stability, high-voltage cycling, fast charge, and low-temperature formulations.
Custom FormulationsApplication-specific electrolyte formulation support for lithium-metal, silicon-anode, sodium-ion, fast-charge, and low-temperature screening programs.
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Solid-State Materials
Solid-State Materials
Solid-state electrolyte powders and slurries including LATP, LLZTO, sulfide, and Li3InCl6 materials. Product pages include translated specification tables and characterization data where available.
Solid-State Oxide
LATP
LATP powder, D50 0.40 um
- Available
- RFQ
- Particle size: D50 0.40 +/- 0.10 um
- Water: <= 500 ppm
- Magnetic impurities: <= 500 ppb
- Ionic conductivity: >= 0.5 mS/cm at 25 degC, pressed pellet
Solid-State Oxide
LATP
LATP powder, D50 0.65 um
- Available
- RFQ
- Particle size: D50 0.65 +/- 0.15 um
- Water: <= 500 ppm
- Magnetic impurities: <= 500 ppb
- Ionic conductivity: >= 0.3 mS/cm at 25 degC, pressed pellet
Solid-State Oxide
LLZTO
LLZTO powder
- Available
- RFQ
- Particle size: customizable
- Garnet-type oxide solid electrolyte
- Available as powder for solid-state battery screening
Solid-State Oxide Slurry
LATP slurry
LATP oil-based slurry, D50 0.30 um
- Available
- RFQ
- Particle size: D50 0.30 +/- 0.05 um
- Solid content: target +/- process range
- Water: <= 500 ppm
- pH: 8-12
Solid-State Oxide Slurry
LATP slurry
LATP oil-based slurry, D50 0.65 um
- Available
- RFQ
- Particle size: D50 0.65 +/- 0.15 um
- Solid content: target +/- process range
- Water: <= 500 ppm
- pH: 8-12
Solid-State Oxide Slurry
LATP slurry
LATP water-based slurry, D50 0.15 um
- Available
- RFQ
- Particle size: D50 0.15 +/- 0.05 um
- Solid content: target +/- process range
- Viscosity: <= 80 mPa.s
- pH: 5-9
Solid-State Oxide Slurry
LATP slurry
LATP water-based slurry, D50 0.30 um
- Available
- RFQ
- Particle size: D50 0.30 +/- 0.05 um
- Solid content: target +/- process range
- Viscosity: <= 80 mPa.s
- pH: 5-9
Solid-State Oxide Slurry
LATP slurry
LATP water-based slurry, D50 0.65 um
- Available
- RFQ
- Particle size: D50 0.65 +/- 0.15 um
- Solid content: target +/- process range
- Viscosity: <= 80 mPa.s
- pH: 5-9
Solid-State Sulfide
Li5.5PS4.5Cl1.5
Li5.5PS4.5Cl1.5, D50 0.925 um
- Available
- RFQ
- Particle size: D10 0.474 um; D50 0.925 um; D90 2.019 um
- Electronic: 1.67 x 10^-6 mS/cm
- Ionic: 6.2 mS/cm, cold press
Solid-State Sulfide
Li5.5PS4.5Cl1.5
Li5.5PS4.5Cl1.5, D50 2.168 um
- Available
- RFQ
- Particle size: D10 0.567 um; D50 2.168 um; D90 6.592 um
- Electronic: 1.38 x 10^-6 mS/cm
- Ionic: 8.5 mS/cm, cold press
Solid-State Sulfide
Li5.5PS4.5Cl1.5
Li5.5PS4.5Cl1.5, D50 4.5 +/- 1.5 um
- Available
- RFQ
- Particle size: D50 4.5 +/- 1.5 um
- Electronic: <= 10^-6 mS/cm
- Ionic: >5 mS/cm, cold press
Solid-State Sulfide
Li5.5PS4.5Cl1.5
Li5.5PS4.5Cl1.5, D50 >10 um
- Available
- RFQ
- Particle size: D50 >10 um
- Electronic: <= 10^-6 mS/cm
- Ionic: >10 mS/cm, cold press
Solid-State Sulfide
Li5.5PS4.5ClxBr1.5-x
Li5.5PS4.5ClxBr1.5-x, D50 0.759 um
- Available
- RFQ
- Particle size: D10 0.427 um; D50 0.759 um; D90 1.277 um
- Electronic: 2.37 x 10^-6 mS/cm
- Ionic: 6.5 mS/cm, cold press
Solid-State Sulfide
Li5.5PS4.5ClxBr1.5-x
Li5.5PS4.5ClxBr1.5-x, D50 2.398 um
- Available
- RFQ
- Particle size: D10 0.623 um; D50 2.398 um; D90 6.559 um
- Electronic: 1.84 x 10^-6 mS/cm
- Ionic: 9.2 mS/cm, cold press
Solid-State Sulfide
Li5.5PS4.5ClxBr1.5-x
Li5.5PS4.5ClxBr1.5-x, D50 4.5 +/- 1.5 um
- Available
- RFQ
- Particle size: D50 4.5 +/- 1.5 um
- Electronic: <= 10^-6 mS/cm
- Ionic: >8 mS/cm, cold press
Solid-State Sulfide
Li5.5PS4.5ClxBr1.5-x
Li5.5PS4.5ClxBr1.5-x, D50 >10 um
- Available
- RFQ
- Particle size: D50 >10 um
- Electronic: <= 10^-6 mS/cm
- Ionic: >12 mS/cm, cold press
Solid-State Sulfide
Li6PS5Cl
Li6PS5Cl, D50 0.734 um
- Available
- RFQ
- Particle size: D10 0.445 um; D50 0.734 um; D90 1.128 um
- Electronic: 2.04 x 10^-6 mS/cm
- Ionic: 3.1 mS/cm, cold press
Solid-State Sulfide
Li6PS5Cl
Li6PS5Cl, D50 2.123 um
- Available
- RFQ
- Particle size: D10 0.555 um; D50 2.123 um; D90 6.573 um
- Electronic: 1.74 x 10^-6 mS/cm
- Ionic: 3.5 mS/cm, cold press
Solid-State Sulfide
Li6PS5Cl
Li6PS5Cl, D50 4.5 +/- 1.5 um
- Available
- RFQ
- Particle size: D50 4.5 +/- 1.5 um
- Electronic: <= 10^-6 mS/cm
- Ionic: >4 mS/cm, cold press
Solid-State Sulfide
Li6PS5Cl
Li6PS5Cl, D50 >10 um
- Available
- RFQ
- Particle size: D50 >10 um
- Electronic: <= 10^-6 mS/cm
- Ionic: >4 mS/cm, cold press
Solid-State Halide
Li3InCl6
Li3InCl6 powder, D50 0.9 um
- Available
- RFQ
- Particle size: D50 0.9 +/- 0.3 um
- Water: <= 500 ppm
- Ionic conductivity: >= 1.5 mS/cm; measured value 1.85 mS/cm at 25 degC
- Main phase: 04-009-9027 by XRD
Battery Active Materials
Cathode & Anode Active Materials
RFQ-based cathode and anode powders for lithium-ion, sodium-ion, high-energy, fast-charge, and pilot-scale cell development. Typical commercial specification ranges are shown for initial screening and must be confirmed by grade and lot.
Cathode Active Material
LFP
Lithium iron phosphate (LFP) - energy grade
- Grade
- Energy grade, carbon-coated, commercial cell-grade
- Available
- RFQ
- Spec: D50 typically 0.8-2 um
- Spec: Tap density typically 0.8-1.3 g/cm3
- Spec: Discharge capacity typically >=150 mAh/g
- Spec: Moisture typically <=1000 ppm
Cathode Active Material
LFP
Lithium iron phosphate (LFP) - power grade
- Grade
- Power grade, carbon-coated, higher-rate commercial cell-grade
- Available
- RFQ
- Spec: D50 typically 0.5-1.5 um
- Spec: Carbon-coated power-grade morphology
- Spec: Rate-performance grade; confirm target C-rate
- Spec: Moisture typically <=1000 ppm
Cathode Active Material
NCA622
Lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide (NCA622)
- Grade
- Commercial NCA622 cathode powder
- Available
- RFQ
- Spec: D50 typically 10-15 um for secondary particles
- Spec: Tap density typically >=2.0 g/cm3
- Spec: Residual lithium commonly controlled by grade
- Spec: Moisture typically <=500 ppm
Cathode Active Material
NCA811
Lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide (NCA811)
- Grade
- Commercial NCA811 cathode powder
- Available
- RFQ
- Spec: D50 commonly 10-15 um for polycrystalline grades
- Spec: Tap density typically >=2.0 g/cm3
- Spec: High-nickel grade; coating/doping to be confirmed
- Spec: Moisture typically <=500 ppm
Cathode Active Material
LCO
Lithium cobalt oxide (LCO)
- Grade
- High-voltage / standard LCO to be selected
- Available
- RFQ
- Spec: D50 typically 10-18 um
- Spec: Tap density commonly >=2.5 g/cm3
- Spec: Standard or high-voltage grade available by request
- Spec: Moisture typically <=500 ppm
Cathode Active Material
NMC622
Lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC622)
- Grade
- Commercial NMC622 cathode powder
- Available
- RFQ
- Spec: D50 typically 10-15 um
- Spec: Tap density typically >=2.0 g/cm3
- Spec: Single-crystal or polycrystalline grade by request
- Spec: Moisture typically <=500 ppm
Cathode Active Material
NMC811
Lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC811)
- Grade
- Commercial NMC811 cathode powder
- Available
- RFQ
- Spec: D50 commonly 10-15 um for secondary-particle grades
- Spec: Tap density typically >=2.1 g/cm3
- Spec: Residual Li commonly <=0.5 wt% by grade
- Spec: Moisture typically <=500 ppm
Cathode Active Material
LMFP
Lithium manganese iron phosphate (LMFP) - energy grade
- Grade
- Energy grade LMFP
- Available
- RFQ
- Spec: Mn/Fe ratio to be confirmed by target grade
- Spec: D50 typically 0.8-2 um
- Spec: Higher voltage than LFP; capacity grade-dependent
- Spec: Moisture typically <=1000 ppm
Cathode Active Material
LMFP
Lithium manganese iron phosphate (LMFP) - power grade
- Grade
- Power grade LMFP
- Available
- RFQ
- Spec: Mn/Fe ratio to be confirmed
- Spec: Particle morphology tuned for rate capability
- Spec: Rate-performance grade; confirm target C-rate
- Spec: Moisture typically <=1000 ppm
Cathode Active Material
LMO
Lithium manganese oxide (LMO)
- Grade
- Commercial LMO cathode powder
- Available
- RFQ
- Spec: D50 typically 8-15 um
- Spec: Tap density commonly >=1.8 g/cm3
- Spec: Specific capacity typically 100-120 mAh/g
- Spec: Moisture typically <=500 ppm
Cathode Active Material
LNMO
Lithium nickel manganese oxide (LNMO)
- Grade
- High-voltage spinel LNMO cathode powder
- Available
- RFQ
- Spec: D50 typically 5-15 um
- Spec: Tap density commonly >=1.8 g/cm3
- Spec: Specific capacity typically 125-140 mAh/g
- Spec: High-voltage spinel, ~4.7 V vs Li/Li+
- Spec: Moisture typically <=500 ppm
Anode Active Material
Graphite
Graphite anode material - standard grade
- Grade
- Ordinary graphite, commercial anode grade
- Available
- RFQ
- Spec: D50 typically 10-20 um
- Spec: Tap density typically >=1.0 g/cm3
- Spec: Reversible capacity typically 340-360 mAh/g
- Spec: First-cycle efficiency commonly >=90%
Anode Active Material
Graphite
Graphite anode material - high-power grade
- Grade
- High-power graphite
- Available
- RFQ
- Spec: Particle-size distribution tuned for rate capability
- Spec: D50 commonly 8-16 um
- Spec: Tap density and coating grade to be confirmed
- Spec: First-cycle efficiency commonly >=90%
Anode Active Material
Graphite
Graphite anode material - ultra-high-power grade
- Grade
- Ultra-high-power graphite
- Available
- RFQ
- Spec: Rate-performance grade; confirm target C-rate
- Spec: Particle-size and coating package to be confirmed
- Spec: Tap density typically lower than high-density energy grades
- Spec: Moisture typically <=500 ppm
Anode Active Material
LTO
Lithium titanate (LTO)
- Grade
- Commercial lithium titanate anode powder
- Available
- RFQ
- Spec: D50 typically 0.5-2 um
- Spec: Specific capacity typically 160-175 mAh/g
- Spec: Rate grade and surface area to be confirmed
- Spec: Moisture typically <=500 ppm
Anode Active MaterialLi foil / Cu
Lithium metal foil on copper current collector
- Format
- 50 um Li on 10 um Cu
- Available
- RFQ
- Spec: Lithium thickness 50 um
- Spec: Copper current collector thickness 10 um
- Spec: Lithium metal foil laminated on Cu
- Spec: Width, length, surface protection, and packaging by RFQ
- Spec: Dry-room / inert handling recommended
Anode Active Material
Hard Carbon
Hard carbon anode material
- Grade
- Sodium-ion hard carbon, grade to be confirmed
- Available
- RFQ
- Spec: D50 typically 5-12 um
- Spec: Reversible sodium capacity commonly 280-330 mAh/g
- Spec: Initial coulombic efficiency grade-dependent
- Spec: Moisture typically <=500 ppm
Anode Active Material
Si
Silicon anode powder
- Grade
- Silicon powder / nano-Si option
- Available
- RFQ
- Spec: Nano-Si or micron-Si option by request
- Spec: Purity commonly >=99%
- Spec: Particle size and oxide layer to be confirmed
- Spec: High capacity; expansion management required
Anode Active Material
SiOx / Si-C
SiOx / silicon-carbon composite anode material
- Grade
- Battery-grade SiOx or Si-C composite option
- Available
- RFQ
- Spec: Si content and capacity grade by request
- Spec: D50 commonly 5-10 um for composite powders
- Spec: Initial efficiency and expansion grade-dependent
- Spec: Binder compatibility to be confirmed
Next-Gen Salts
Next-Gen Salts
Sodium, potassium, and magnesium salts for alternative-ion electrolyte systems.
Next-Gen Salt
NaPF6
Sodium hexafluorophosphate
- CAS
- 21324-39-0
- Available
- RFQ
- Property: Battery grade
- Property: > 99.9% purity
- Property: <= 20ppm water
Next-Gen Salt
NaODFB
Sodium difluoro oxalate borate
- CAS
- 2102517-30-4
- Available
- RFQ
- Property: Battery grade
- Property: > 99.9% purity
- Property: <= 50ppm water
Next-Gen Salt
Mg(TFSI)2
Magnesium bis-(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)-imide
- CAS
- 133395-16-1
- Available
- RFQ
- Property: Battery grade
- Property: > 99.9% purity
- Property: <= 50ppm water
Next-Gen Salt
KTFSI
Potassium bis-(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)-imide
- CAS
- 90076-67-8
- Available
- RFQ
- Property: Battery grade
- Property: > 99.9% purity
- Property: <= 50ppm water
Next-Gen Salt
NaTFSI
Sodium bis-(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)-imide
- CAS
- 91742-21-1
- Available
- RFQ
- Property: Battery grade
- Property: > 99.9% purity
- Property: <= 50ppm water
Next-Gen Salt
KPF6
Potassium hexafluorophosphate
- CAS
- 17084-13-8
- Available
- RFQ
- Property: Battery grade
- Property: > 99.9% purity
- Property: <= 50ppm water
Next-Gen Salt
KFSI
Potassium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide
- CAS
- 14984-76-0
- Available
- RFQ
- Property: Battery grade
- Property: > 99.9% purity
- Property: <= 50ppm water
Next-Gen Salt
Mg(BH4)2
Magnesium borohydride
- CAS
- 16903-37-0
- Available
- RFQ
- Property: Battery grade
- Property: > 99.9% purity
- Property: <= 50ppm water
Lithium Salts
Lithium Salts
Battery-grade lithium salts for electrolyte formulation and performance optimization.
Lithium Salt
LiPF6
Lithium hexafluorophosphate
- CAS
- 21324-40-3
- Available
- RFQ
- Property: Battery grade
- Property: > 99.9% purity
- Property: <= 20ppm water
Lithium Salt
LiPO2F2
Lithium difluorophosphate
- CAS
- 24389-25-1
- Available
- RFQ
- Property: Battery grade
- Property: > 99.9% purity
- Property: <= 50ppm water
Lithium Salt
LiBOB
Lithium bis(oxalato)borate
- CAS
- 244761-29-3
- Available
- RFQ
- Property: Battery grade
- Property: > 99.9% purity
- Property: <= 50ppm water
Lithium Salt
LiODFB
Lithium difluoro oxalate borate
- CAS
- 409071-16-5
- Available
- RFQ
- Property: Battery grade
- Property: > 99.9% purity
- Property: <= 50ppm water
Lithium Salt
LiTFSI
Lithium bis-(trifluoromethane-sulphonyl)imide
- CAS
- 90076-65-6
- Available
- RFQ
- Property: Battery grade
- Property: > 99.9% purity
- Property: <= 50ppm water
Lithium Salt
LiFSI
Lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide
- CAS
- 171611-11-3
- Available
- RFQ
- Property: Battery grade
- Property: > 99.9% purity
- Property: <= 50ppm water
Lithium Salt
LiBF4
Lithium tetrafluoroborate
- CAS
- 14283-07-9
- Available
- RFQ
- Property: Battery grade
- Property: > 99.9% purity
- Property: <= 50ppm water
Solvents
Solvents
Low-moisture carbonate, ether, fluorinated, and specialty solvent systems.
Solvent
EC
Ethylene carbonate
- CAS
- 96-49-1
- Available
- RFQ
- Property: < 100ppm water
- Property: Battery material grade
- Physical: Colorless transparent liquid above 35°C; crystalline solid at room temperature.
Solvent
DMC
Dimethyl carbonate
- CAS
- 616-38-6
- Available
- RFQ
- Property: < 100ppm water
- Property: Battery material grade
- Physical: Colorless transparent liquid.
Solvent
DEC
Diethyl carbonate
- CAS
- 105-58-8
- Available
- RFQ
- Property: < 100ppm water
- Property: Battery material grade
- Physical: Colorless transparent liquid.
Solvent
EMC
Ethyl methyl carbonate
- CAS
- 623-53-0
- Available
- RFQ
- Property: < 100ppm water
- Property: Battery material grade
- Physical: Colorless transparent liquid.
Solvent
PC
Propylene carbonate
- CAS
- 108-32-7
- Available
- RFQ
- Property: < 100ppm water
- Property: Battery material grade
- Physical: Colorless transparent liquid.
Solvent
AN
Acetonitrile
- CAS
- 75-05-8
- Available
- RFQ
- Property: < 100ppm water
- Property: Battery material grade
Solvent
EA
Ethyl acetate
- CAS
- 141-78-6
- Available
- RFQ
- Property: < 100ppm water
- Property: Battery material grade
- Physical: Colorless liquid.
Solvent
DFEA
2,2-Difluoroethyl acetate
- CAS
- 1550-44-3
- Available
- RFQ
- Property: < 100ppm water
- Property: Battery material grade
- Physical: Liquid.
Solvent
DME
1,2-Dimethoxyethane
- CAS
- 110-71-4
- Available
- RFQ
- Property: < 100ppm water
- Property: Battery material grade
- Physical: Colorless transparent liquid.
Solvent
TTE
1,1,2,2-Tetrafluoroethyl-2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropylether
- CAS
- 16627-68-2
- Available
- RFQ
- Property: < 100ppm water
- Property: Battery material grade
- Physical: Colorless transparent liquid.
Solvent
FEMC
Methyl 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl carbonate
- CAS
- 156783-95-8
- Available
- RFQ
- Property: < 100ppm water
- Property: Battery material grade
- Physical: Transparent liquid.
Solvent
TFEC
Bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) carbonate
- CAS
- 1513-87-7
- Available
- RFQ
- Property: < 100ppm water
- Property: Battery material grade
Solvent
Hexafluoroisopropylmethyl ether
- CAS
- 13171-18-1
- Available
- RFQ
- Property: < 100ppm water
- Property: Battery material grade
Solvent
Sulfolane
Sulfolane
- CAS
- 126-33-0
- Available
- RFQ
- Property: < 100ppm water
- Property: Battery material grade
Additives
Additives
Functional additives for SEI formation, high-voltage stability, safety, and cell-life improvement.
Additive
VC
Vinylene carbonate
- CAS
- 872-36-6
- Available
- RFQ
- Property: Battery material grade
- Physical: Colorless transparent liquid at room temperature; crystalline at lower temperature.
Additive
TS
1,3-Propanediol cyclic sulfate
- CAS
- 1073-05-8
- Available
- RFQ
- Property: Battery material grade
Additive
DTD
1,3,2-Dioxathiolane 2,2-dioxide
- CAS
- 1072-53-3
- Available
- RFQ
- Property: Battery material grade
Additive
FEC
4-Fluoro-1,3-dioxolan-2-one
- CAS
- 114435-02-8
- Available
- RFQ
- Property: Battery material grade
- Physical: Colorless transparent liquid at room temperature; crystalline at lower temperature.
Additive
SN
Succinonitrile
- CAS
- 110-61-2
- Available
- RFQ
- Property: Battery material grade
- Physical: Solid at room temperature.
Additive
ADN
Adiponitrile
- CAS
- 111-69-3
- Available
- RFQ
- Property: Battery material grade
- Physical: Colorless transparent liquid.
Additive
DENE
1,2-Bis(2-cyanoethoxy)ethane
- CAS
- 3386-87-6
- Available
- RFQ
- Property: Battery material grade
Additive
MMDS
1,5,2,4-dioxadithiane-2,2,4,4-tetraoxide
- CAS
- 99591-74-9
- Available
- RFQ
- Property: Battery material grade
- Physical: Solid powder.
Additive
TMSP
Tris-(trimethylsilyl)-phosphate
- CAS
- 10497-05-9
- Available
- RFQ
- Property: Battery material grade
- Physical: Liquid.
Additive
PS
1,3-Propanesultone
- CAS
- 1120-71-4
- Available
- RFQ
- Property: Battery material grade
- Physical: Colorless liquid.
Additive
TEABF4
Tetraethylammonium tetrafluoroborate
- CAS
- 429-06-1
- Available
- RFQ
- Property: Battery material grade
Formulations
Formulations
Application-specific electrolyte systems and development support.
Formulation
Low-Temperature Electrolytes
Electrolyte baselines designed for discharge performance at extremely low temperatures, including -70°C evaluation conditions.
Formulation
High-Ni Si/Graphite Systems
Formulations supporting high-nickel cathodes and Si/Gr anodes with improved capacity retention versus baseline electrolytes.
Formulation
Sodium-Ion High-Rate Cycling
Sodium-ion electrolyte systems evaluated under demanding high-rate cycling conditions, including 1C/1C testing and high-rate protocols.
Formulation
High-Rate Lithium-Ion Electrolytes
Formulations targeting aggressive rate capability, including fast-charge and high-power operation such as 6C charge / 10C discharge screening windows.
Formulation
Custom Formulations
Application-specific electrolyte development for research, screening, and pilot-scale evaluation, including salt, solvent, and additive optimization.